Ancient Anuradhapura Kingdom

Sacred Bo Tree

The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is a sacred fig tree believed to have grown from a cutting of the original Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. It is the oldest historically authenticated tree in the world and is highly revered by Buddhists. The Sacred Bo Tree was brought to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE by Sanghamitta Theri, the daughter of Emperor Ashoka of India.
It was a sapling from the original Bodhi tree, carefully transported and planted in the Mahamewna Gardens in Anuradhapura. This event marked a monumental milestone in Sri Lankan history, as it established Buddhism as the state religion and solidified the island's connection to the teachings of the Buddha.
For Buddhists, the Sacred Bo Tree is a revered and sacred site. It is considered the oldest historically authenticated tree in the world. Buddhists believe that it is the exact spot where the Buddha attained enlightenment, making it an object of veneration and a powerful symbol of spiritual awakening.
The Sacred Bo Tree is meticulously cared for and protected by the custodians of the temple complex. Surrounding the tree is a golden fence, and a platform supports its sprawling branches. Devotees and Buddhist monks offer regular rituals, prayers, and offerings to ensure its well-being.

Ruwanweli Dagoba

The Ruwanwelisaya stupa, located in Anuradhapura, is a revered Buddhist monument and a popular destination for Buddhists worldwide. Standing at a height of approximately 92 meters (301 feet), it is considered one of the tallest stupas in the area. This significant religious site is believed to house sacred relics of the Buddha. It was constructed in the 2nd century BCE by King Dutugemunu, following his triumph over the South Indian invaders. The stupa was built as an expression of the king's gratitude and devotion to Buddhism. The architectural style of Ruwanwelisaya reflects the characteristics of the Anuradhapura period. It features a traditional bubble-shaped design of ancient Sri Lankan stupas. Originally towering at around 92 meters (301 feet), it was renowned for its impressive stature. However, due to various reconstructions and renovations over time, its current height is estimated to be approximately 55 meters (180 feet). Constructed primarily with bricks, the stupa's exterior is covered in a layer of white plaster. Its crowning pinnacle is adorned with a majestic golden spire, which adds to its striking appearance

Abhayagiriya

The Abhayagiri Stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka was built by King Valagamba in the 1st century BCE. King Valagamba, also known as Vattagamani Abhaya, was a prominent ruler who played a significant role in the history of Sri Lanka. The Abhayagiri Stupa, along with the surrounding monastery complex, served as an important center for Buddhist worship and learning during ancient times. It stood as a symbol of religious devotion and architectural excellence in the ancient city of Anuradhapura. It encompassed vast areas with numerous structures, including the Abhayagiri Stupa, which was once the second tallest stupa in Sri Lanka.
The original height of the Abhayagiri Dagoba, located in Anuradhapura, is believed to have been approximately 115 meters (377 feet). However, due to the passage of time and restoration efforts, its current height is estimated to be around 75 meters (246 feet). The base of the Abhayagiri Dagoba has a diameter of 355 feet, providing a solid foundation for the structure. The stone paved rectangular stage or Maluwa measures 587 feet by 587 feet (587x587 feet).
Constructed using bricks and adorned with a layer of plaster, the Abhayagiri Dagoba featured intricate architectural elements and embellishments, showcasing the skill and craftsmanship of the ancient builders. It followed the traditional Paddy heap-shaped design of ancient Sri Lankan stupas, with concentric rings and decorative elements enhancing its aesthetic appeal.
The Abhayagiri Dagoba was an integral part of the larger Abhayagiri Monastery complex. This vast complex encompassed various structures dedicated to religious activities, meditation, and residential quarters for monks.
Playing a significant role in the religious and cultural life of ancient Sri Lanka, the Abhayagiri Dagoba and the entire monastery complex have undergone changes and restoration throughout history. Nonetheless, they remain remarkable testaments to the architectural achievements of the Anuradhapura period.

.

Samadhi Buddha Statue

The Anuradhapura Samadhi Buddha statue is a significant and revered Buddhist statue located in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It is one of the most iconic and highly venerated statues in the country. The statue is situated within the sacred premises of the Mahamevnawa Park in Anuradhapura, which is an ancient city and UNESCO World Heritage site in Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura was a prominent center of Buddhism and served as the capital of ancient Sri Lanka for many centuries The Samadhi Buddha statue depicts Lord Buddha in a meditative posture known as the "Samadhi" or "Dhyana" mudra. The statue is carved out of a single granite stone and stands at an impressive height of approximately 8 feet (2.4 meters).The Anuradhapura Samadhi Buddha statue dates back to the 4th century BCE, making it over 2,200 years old. It is believed to have been sculpted during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa, a devout Buddhist ruler of the time. The statue is considered to be an important relic from the ancient Anuradhapura period and holds great religious and historical significance

Eth Pokuna

Eth Pokuna, also known as Elephant Pond, is a historical site situated in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It holds significance within the sacred city of Anuradhapura, which was the capital of ancient Sri Lanka. Located in Abhayagiriya complex and close proximity to Lankaramaya Stupa, Eth Pokuna is an ancient man-made reservoir. The name "Eth Pokuna" translates to "Elephant Pond" in English, likely derived from historical associations with elephants. Constructed during the Anuradhapura period, which spanned from the 4th century BCE to the 11th century CE, this pond is an impressive testament to ancient engineering. Architecturally, Eth Pokuna features a well-preserved stone embankment or bund that encloses the water body. The bund, constructed with large stone blocks, showcases the advanced engineering skills of the ancient Sri Lankan civilization. Eth Pokuna served as a vital water source for the monastic complexes and surrounding areas in Anuradhapura. Its importance in providing water for the inhabitants, including monks, during ancient times cannot be overstated. In addition to its practical function, Eth Pokuna holds religious significance. It is believed to have been associated with nearby monastic settlements and Buddhist temples. The availability of water at Eth Pokuna was crucial for various religious activities and rituals, such as bathing and ceremonial purposes. The site of Eth Pokuna piques the interest of archaeologists and researchers, who study its historical and engineering aspects. It provides valuable insights into ancient hydraulic engineering practices and the significance of water management during that era. Eth Pokuna has become a popular tourist attraction within the Anuradhapura archaeological complex. Visitors can appreciate its historical importance, architectural beauty, and the tranquil atmosphere surrounding the pond. Preservation efforts are underway to maintain and conserve this significant cultural and historical site.

Jethawanaramaya

Jethavanaramaya, situated in the ancient city of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, is renowned as one of the largest and most colossal stupas (dagobas) worldwide. Constructed under the rule of King Mahasena (273-301 CE), it stands as a testament to the remarkable architectural and engineering skills of ancient Sri Lanka. Originally towering at a height of approximately 122 meters (400 feet), Jethawanaramaya ranked as the third tallest structure in the ancient world during its time of construction. However, natural deterioration over the centuries has reduced its present height to an estimated 71 meters (233 feet). The stupa's base covers a vast area of around 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres), providing a solid foundation that imparts stability and strength to support the structure. To build Jethawanaramaya, millions of meticulously arranged bricks were employed, making it one of the largest brick structures globally. It is estimated that roughly 93 million bricks were utilized in its construction. Jethawanaramaya consists of multiple stacked platforms and terraces, gradually diminishing in size as they ascend towards the pinnacle. The structure encompasses three circular stone platforms, adorned with decorative elements. The shape of the Jethawanaramaya Stupa is considered to be the Paddy heap type, Inside the stupa, there are various inner chambers and passageways that served for religious activities, such as offerings and rituals. These chambers were designed to accommodate monks and pilgrims. Despite its partial ruins, Jethawanaramaya's immense size and architectural grandeur continue to inspire awe. It remains a significant cultural and religious site in Sri Lanka, attracting numerous visitors who marvel at its historical and spiritual significance.

Famous Ancient Architecture

The ancient city of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka stands as a testament to the rich cultural and architectural heritage of the region. Among its many remarkable features, the stone sculptures and architecture of Anuradhapura hold a special place. These artistic creations not only showcase the skill and craftsmanship of ancient Sri Lankan artisans but also offer valuable insights into the religious and social practices of the time. From moonstones and guardstones to Buddhist statues and stupas, each stone structure in Anuradhapura tells a story of artistic excellence and cultural significance.

One of the most distinctive features of Anuradhapura's stone architecture is the presence of moonstones, known as Sandakada Pahana in the local language. Moonstones are semicircular stone slabs placed at the entrances of Buddhist temples and important structures. These slabs are intricately carved with various motifs, including lotus flowers, animals, and mythical creatures. Each element on the moonstone represents a symbolic aspect of existence and the path to enlightenment, providing a visual narrative of Buddhist teachings.

Guardstones, or Muragala, are another remarkable aspect of Anuradhapura's stone sculpture. Placed on either side of entrances, particularly in Buddhist temples and monasteries, guardstones serve a protective function. These stone sculptures typically depict guardian deities like lions, elephants, and mythical creatures. The detailed craftsmanship and expressive features of the guardstones reflect the belief in their ability to ward off evil spirits and safeguard the sacred spaces they flank.

The stone sculptures and architecture of Anuradhapura represent a remarkable achievement of ancient Sri Lankan artistry. From the intricate carvings on moonstones and guardstones to the serene beauty of Buddhist statues and the grandeur of stupas, each structure narrates a story of cultural significance and architectural brilliance. These stone creations not only captivate the eye but also provide valuable insights into the religious beliefs, social practices, and artistic traditions of ancient Sri Lanka. As enduring symbols of Anuradhapura's historical and architectural legacy, these stone sculptures and structures continue to inspire wonder and admiration, preserving the cultural heritage of the region for generations to come.

Twin Ponds

Kuttam Pokuna, also known as the Twin Ponds or the Twin Baths, is a remarkable architectural feature located in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It comprises two large stone bathing ponds that were part of an advanced water management system dating back to the 8th century.
The Twin Ponds exhibit symmetrical design, with one pond situated to the north and the other to the south. Both ponds are rectangular in shape and constructed using finely cut stone blocks. The pond walls are adorned with intricate carvings and embellishments, showcasing the skilled craftsmanship of ancient Sri Lankans.
The larger of the two ponds is located in the north and measures approximately 132 feet (40 meters) in length and 51 feet (15.5 meters) in width. The southern pond is slightly smaller, measuring around 92 feet (28 meters) in length and 51 feet (15.5 meters) in width. Both ponds have a depth of about 18 feet (5.5 meters).
The Twin Ponds formed an essential part of a comprehensive water management system that served practical and aesthetic purposes. They were designed to collect and store water, ensuring a reliable water supply for the city's inhabitants, particularly for bathing and ceremonial activities.
Water for the ponds was directed through a complex network of canals and underground conduits. These channels transported water from nearby sources, such as natural springs or man-made reservoirs, into the Twin Ponds. The water was then filtered and circulated through the ponds, maintaining a constant flow of clean water. The architectural design of Kuttam Pokuna reflects the advanced engineering techniques and artistic sensibilities of ancient Sri Lanka. The symmetrical layout, precise stone masonry, and ornate carvings on the walls demonstrate the meticulous craftsmanship of that era.
Beyond their functional purpose, the ponds held religious and cultural significance. Water played a vital role in Buddhist rituals and practices, and the Twin Ponds provided a serene and sacred environment for bathing and purification rituals. Today, the Twin Ponds of Kuttam Pokuna are a popular tourist attraction in Anuradhapura. Visitors can explore the ponds, admire the architectural details, and experience the tranquil ambiance of the surroundings.

Thuparama Dagoba

The Thuparama Dagoba, built during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BCE, holds great historical and religious significance in Sri Lanka. It is considered to be the first dagoba, or stupa, constructed on the island after the arrival of Buddhism, which was introduced by Emperor Ashoka of India. The dagoba is a solid, hemispherical structure constructed using brick and mortar, with a layer of white plaster covering its exterior. It stands at a height of approximately 63 feet. The diameter of the Stupa is 59 feet. The raised circular granite platform has a diameter of 164 feet and measures 11.5 feet from the ground level.The Dagoba shape of earlier times is believed to be Paddy heap shaped.Presently it has the Bell shape.
One of the most notable aspects of the Thuparama Dagoba is its association with a significant relic of Lord Buddha. It is believed to enshrine the right collarbone of the Buddha, which was brought to Sri Lanka by Arhat Mahinda, the son of Emperor Ashoka, when Buddhism was introduced to the island. The presence of this relic within the dagoba adds to its spiritual and cultural importance .

Ratanaprasada

Ratanaprasada was the Uposatagaraya or the Chapter House of the Abayagiriya Viharaya. It was constructed by King Kanittha Tissa (164-192 AC) . the Guardstone at the entrance is an architectural marvel of the Anuradhapura period. A Naga King holding the Pun Kalasa or the Vase of Plenty is sculptured here. A fine example of a Korawakgala or a Balustrade can also be found here It houses a famous guardstone. The construction of Ratanaprasada dates back to the reign of King Kanitta Tissa, around 164-192 AD. However, it was later expanded and enlarged during the rule of King Mahinda II, between AD 772-792. Naga King and Pun Kalasa: The Guardstone at the entrance of Ratanaprasada is adorned with a sculpture of a Naga King holding the Pun Kalasa or the Vase of Plenty. The Naga King is a mythical serpent deity associated with water and fertility. The representation of the Pun Kalasa signifies abundance, prosperity, and blessings. Korawakgala or Balustrade: Ratanaprasada is also known for its fine example of a Korawakgala, which is a decorative balustrade. The Korawakgala typically features intricate carvings of mythical creatures, animals, and floral patterns. It serves as both a functional and ornamental element, enhancing the aesthetics of the structure.